Nominal Value is the price assigned to an item, such as a book priced at $15.50. Real Value is the adjusted price, considering factors like inflation and depreciation, so the used price of the book reflects this Real Value. Intrinsic Value refers to the worth of the book’s content, which can far exceed its Nominal or Real Value depending on the reader’s ability to understand and apply it. Merchants profit from the gap between Nominal and Real Values, while wise individuals gain by recognizing and utilizing Intrinsic Value. Recognizing and leveraging these values is essential for building wealth. - Joseph’s “just my thoughts”
In business, capital means business funds. A successful entrepreneur often says, "I started my business without any capital". It's partly true, but it's a lie. The entrepreneur just said that capital means only cash. However, all kinds of businesses need to be fundamentally business funds in any even not cash. The entrepreneur didn't count the founder's labor cost. No inputs, no outcomes. The uncounted labor costs are called "alternative costs" or "opportunity costs". This comes from comparative advantage. If the entrepreneur doesn't accept the uncounted labor cost as a debt, the entrepreneur is equivalent to losing the profit due to opportunity costs. Please always remember this. There is no free lunch in this world. - Joseph’s “just my thoughts”